{"id":6278,"date":"2020-02-10T17:29:28","date_gmt":"2020-02-11T01:29:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zxi.mytechroad.com\/blog\/?p=6278"},"modified":"2020-02-10T17:36:04","modified_gmt":"2020-02-11T01:36:04","slug":"morden-cpp","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zxi.mytechroad.com\/blog\/programming-language\/morden-cpp\/","title":{"rendered":"Morden C++"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u4e4b\u524d\u5728B\u7ad9\u53d1\u8d77\u7684\u7f16\u7a0b\u8bed\u8a00\u6295\u7968\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u4e86\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u6ca1\u60f3\u5230C++\u5c45\u7136\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u540d\uff01\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u7528C++\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u7684\u53d7\u4f17\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7528C++\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u5e78\u5b58\u8005\u504f\u5dee\u5417\uff1f\u505a\u8fd9\u671f\u8282\u76ee\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u7531\u4e8e 1.\u6ce8\u518c\u4e86\u67d0OJ\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u8fdeC++11\u90fd\u4e0d\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u4ee3\u7801\u5199\u5f97\u592a\u522b\u626d\u4e86\uff0c\u653e\u5f03\u30022. \u7531\u4e8e\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u4e5f\u5728\u4e0d\u65ad\u5b66\u4e60morden C++\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u4e9b\u65b0\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u548cAPI\u7136\u540e\u4e00\u76f4\u6709\u540c\u5b66\u5728\u95ee\u8fd9\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e1c\u897f\u554a\uff1f\u4e4b\u524d\u6ca1\u770b\u5230\u8fc7\u561b\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\u6211\u5c31\u7a0d\u5fae\u6574\u7406\u4e86\u4e00\u4e0b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u5207\u8fd8\u8981\u4ece41\u5e74\u524d\u8bf4\u8d77\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

C++ \u8bde\u751f\u4e8e1979\u5e74\uff0c\u76f8\u4fe1\u6bd4\u82b1\u82b1\u548c\u7edd\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u540c\u5b66\u5e74\u7eaa\u8fd8\u8981\u5927\u3002\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u8fd8\u4e0d\u53ebC++\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u53ebC with classes\u3002C++\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u6807\u51c6\u5316C++98\u5219\u662f\u5728\u5176\u8bde\u751f\u6574\u657419\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\u76841998\u5e74\u624d\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\uff08\u6807\u51c6\u5316\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5230\u662f\u65e9\u57281990\/1991\u5e74\u5c31\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\uff09\uff0c\u653e\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u8fd9\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e0d\u80fd\u60f3\u8c61\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002C++98\u5b8c\u5584\u4e86\u6a21\u7248\uff0c\u589e\u52a0\u4e86STL containers\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u6211\u4eec\u6700\u5e38\u7528\u7684vector, set, deque, list, map\u7b49\uff0citerator\uff0ciostream\uff0ccomplex\uff0calgorithms (std::sort, std::upper_bound, std::fill, std::swap)\u7b49\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u5728C++98\u6807\u51c6\u5316\u7684\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4C++98\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86Classic C++\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u6613\u7528\u6027\u548c\u53ef\u79fb\u690d\u6027\u90fd\u5927\u5e45\u63d0\u9ad8\uff0c\u5bf9C++\u7684\u666e\u53ca\u8d77\u5230\u4e86\u5173\u952e\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u4e4b\u540e\u7684C++03\u5728C++98\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u505a\u4e86\u5c0f\u5e45\u7684\u6539\u8fdb\u3002\u81f3\u6b64C++\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u5316\u544a\u4e00\u6bb5\u843d\uff0cC++\u4e5f\u8fce\u6765\u4e86\u201c\u9ec4\u91d1\u65f6\u671f\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e2003\u5e748\u670821\u53f7\u8fbe\u5230TIOBE\u7f16\u7a0b\u8bed\u8a00\u6392\u884c\u699c\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6700\u9ad8\u6210\u7ee9\uff1a17.531%\uff0c\u6392\u540d\u7b2c\u4e09\u3002\u4e0a\u9762\u6709\u5730\u4f4d\u4e0d\u53ef\u64bc\u52a8\u7684\u8001\u5927\u54e5C\u8bed\u8a00\u8fd8\u6709\u9886\u8dd1\u591a\u5e74\u7684Java\uff0c\u540e\u9762\u5219\u6709JavaScript\/C#\/Python\u7b49\u65b0\u79c0\u594b\u8d77\u76f4\u8ffd\uff08PHP\u8bf4\uff1a\u8fd8\u6709\u6211\uff01\u8fd8\u6709\u6211\uff01\uff09\uff0c\u8001\u6001\u9f99\u949f\u7684C++\u6709\u4e9b\u529b\u4e0d\u4ece\u5fc3\uff0c\u57282003\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\u5c31\u4e00\u76f4\u8d70\u4e0b\u5761\u8def\uff0c\u52302014\u5e74\u4e2d\u65ec\u4e00\u5ea6\u8dcc\u78345%\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u5ec9\u9887\u8001\u77e3\u5c1a\u80fd\u996d\u5426\uff1fC++\u75db\u5b9a\u601d\u75db\uff0c10\u5e74\u78e8\u4e00\u5251\uff0c\u7ec8\u4e8e\u57282011\u5e74\u63a8\u51fa\u4e86C++11\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u5728C++98\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u8bb8\u8bb8\u591a\u591a\u7684\u65b0\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u62c9\u5f00\u4e86C++\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u7684\u5e37\u5e55\u3002\u6709\u540c\u5b66\u8981\u95ee\u4e86\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e48\u5f3a\u5927\u7684C++11\u6807\u51c6\u63a8\u51fa\u4e4b\u540e\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48C++\u7684\u6392\u540d\u4e0d\u964d\u53cd\u5347\u4e86\uff1f\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u4e3aC++11\u7684\u6539\u52a8\u592a\u5927\u4e86\uff0c\u76f4\u52302020\u5e74\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\uff08\u4e3b\u6d41\uff09\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u6ca1\u6709\u5b8c\u6574\u5b9e\u73b0C++11\u3002\u8fd9\u7136\u6211\u60f3\u8d77\u4e86\u65e9\u4e9b\u5e74\u574a\u95f4\u7684\u4e00\u5219\u6d41\u8a00\uff1a\u201c\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u6b3e\u7f16\u8f91\u5668\u5b8c\u6574\u5730\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86C++\u201d\uff0c\u90a3\u65f6\u5019\u5f88\u591a\u4e1c\u897f\u6ca1\u6709\u6807\u51c6\u5316\u8fd9\u4e48\u8bf4\u5f53\u7136\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u653e\u5230\u6807\u51c6\u5316\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u8fd9\u6761\u6d41\u8a00\u597d\u50cf\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5047\u3002\u6807\u51c6\u867d\u7136\u57282011\u5c31\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u5b8c\u5168\u5b9e\u73b0\u548c\u666e\u53ca\u5df2\u7ecf\u662f\u51e0\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u4e86\u3002\u4e4b\u540e\u7684C++\u6807\u51c6\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5c31\u50cf\u6253\u4e86\u9e21\u8840\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u6bcf\u9694\u4e09\u5e74\u5c31\u5236\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u6807\u51c6C++14\uff0cC++17\u3002C++20\u4e5f\u5df2\u7ecfFC\uff08feature complete\uff09\u4e86\u3002\u65b0\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u8ba9C++\u66f4\u5f3a\u5927\uff0c\u66f4\u4f18\u96c5\uff0c\u66f4\u9ad8\u6548\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e00\u5207\u7684\u4ee3\u4ef7\u5c31\u662f\u7528\u6237\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u6210\u672c\u4e5f\u9661\u7136\u4e0a\u5347\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4f1a\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u62b5\u89e6\u60c5\u7eea\uff0c\u62d2\u7edd\u63a5\u53d7\u65b0\u4e8b\u7269\u3002\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u5426\u8ba4\u73b0\u4ee3C++\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u96be\u4e86\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6709\u8c01\u548c\u4f60\u8bf4\u4ed6\u7cbe\u901aC++\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u53cd\u95ee\u4ed6\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u8fd8\u5728\u7528VC98\u3002\u53cd\u6b63\u6211\u53ea\u6562\u8bf4\u7565\u61c2\u76ae\u6bdb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e3a\u8fd9\u671f\u8282\u76ee\u5c31\u662f\u542c\u82b1\u82b1\u8bf4\u4e66\u5417\uff1f\u5f53\u7136\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\uff0c\u4e0b\u9762\u82b1\u82b1\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u540d\u666e\u901aC++\u7528\u6237\u7ed9\u5927\u5bb6\u5217\u4e3e\u4e00\u4e9b\u73b0\u4ee3C++\uff08C++11\/14\/17\uff09\u4e00\u4e9b\u597d\u7528\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u3001\u7c7b\u548c\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u4e5f\u6b22\u8fce\u5927\u5bb6\u7559\u8a00\u8865\u5145\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. std::unordered_map \/ std::unordered_set C++11<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u60f3\u4e0d\u5230\u5427\uff0chashtable\u662f\u5728C++11\u624d\u6b63\u5f0f\u6807\u51c6\u5316\u7684\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u4e4b\u524d\u5404\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u90fd\u6709\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u4f46\u6bd5\u7adf\u4e0d\u662f\u6807\u51c6\u7248\u3002unordered_*\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86O(1)\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u67e5\u627e\u3001\u63d2\u5165\u548c\u5220\u9664\u3002\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u9ad8\u6548\u7684\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\uff08C\u7528\u6237\u54ed\u6655\u5728\u5395\u6240\uff09\u3002\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u53ebunorderd_map\u8fd9\u4e48\u5947\u602a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u5b57\u800c\u4e0d\u76f4\u63a5\u53ebhash_map\u5462\uff1f\u53ea\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u544a\u8bc9\u7528\u6237key\u662f\u65e0\u5e8f\u7684\u5417\uff1f\u6807\u51c6\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7ed9\u51fa\u7684\u56de\u7b54\u662f\uff1ahash_map\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u5404\u5927vendor\u62a2\u6ce8\u4e86\uff0c\u540c\u540d\u5bb9\u6613\u9020\u6210\u51b2\u7a81\u2026 \u54ce\uff0c\u8c01\u8ba9\u4f60\u8fd9\u4e48\u665a\u624d\u6807\u51c6\u5316\u5462\uff01\uff1f\u57df\u540d\u62a2\u6ce8\u8981\u8d81\u65e9\uff01
Java\u5bf9\u5e94\uff1aHashMap\uff0cHashSet
Python\u5bf9\u5e94\uff1adict, set<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. initializer_list C++11<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

initializer_list\u65b9\u4fbf\u4e86\uff08\u5bb9\u5668\uff09\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u5316<\/p>\n\n\n\n

int a = 2; \/\/ Before, assignment
int a{2}; \/\/ After, construction<\/p>\n\n\n\n

vector<int> v; \/\/ Before
v.push_back(1);
v.push_back(2);
v.push_back(3);<\/p>\n\n\n\n

vector<int> v = {1,2,3}; \/\/ After, assignment
vector<int> v{1,2,3}; \/\/ After, construction
\u5bf9\u4e8evector<int> v{1,2,3}; \u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u505a\u4e86\u4e24\u4ef6\u4e8b\u60c5\uff1a
1. \u7528{1,2,3}\u5b57\u9762\u91cf\u521b\u5efa initializer_list<int> l
2. \u8c03\u7528vector<int>\u7684\u62f7\u8d1d\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u4f20\u5165l
\u6240\u4ee5\u8bf4\u4f7f\u7528initializer_list\u8fd8\u662f\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e9boverhead\u7684<\/p>\n\n\n\n

pair<int, float> p{1, 3.14}; \/\/ After
map<string, int> m{{“hello”, 1}, {“world”, 2}}; \/\/ After<\/p>\n\n\n\n

vector<int> foo() { \/\/ Before
set<int> s = …
return vector<int>(begin(s), end(s));
}
vector<int> foo() { \/\/ After
set<int> s = …
return {begin(s), end(s)};
} <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Java\u5bf9\u5e94\uff1a\u591a\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u65b9\u6cd5…
Python\u5bf9\u5e94\uff1a[], (), {}<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. auto \u5173\u952e\u8bcd C++11<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u65b0\u589e\u7684auto\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\u8ba9\u4eba\u53c8\u7231\u53c8\u6068\uff0c\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u505a\u4e86\u7c7b\u578b\u63a8\u65ad\u7701\u53bb\u4e86\u5197\u957f\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u540d\u79f0\u7684\u62fc\u5199\uff0c\u4f46\u9700\u8c28\u614e\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

int a = 2;
auto a = 2; \/\/ a is int

float a = 2; \/\/ implicit conversion
auto a = 2; \/\/ a is int not float
auto a = 2.0; \/\/ a is double not float
auto a = 2.0f; \/\/ a is flot<\/p>\n\n\n\n

auto v{1,2,3}; \/\/ does not compile
auto v = {1,2,3}; \/\/ v is initializer_list not vector
auto v = vector<int>{1,2,3,4}; \/\/ ok, but longer
vector<int> v{1,2,3,4}; \/\/ best<\/p>\n\n\n\n

std::unique_ptr<Foo> p = std::make_unique<Foo>(…); \/\/ Before
auto p = std::make_unique<Foo>(…); \/\/ OK, shorter<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u4eba\u662f\u88abiterator\u529d\u9000\u7684\uff1f
for (std::unordered_map<std::string, int>::const_iterator it = s.begin(); it != s.end(); ++it) \/\/ Before
for (auto it = s.begin(); it != s.end(); ++it) \/\/ After<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Java\u5bf9\u5e94\uff1avar Java10
Python\u5bf9\u5e94\uff1a\u50b2\u5a07\u5730\u8bf4\uff1a\u7c7b\u578b\u662f\u795e\u9a6c\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Structured Binding C++17<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u6709\u4e86\u7c7b\u578b\u63a8\u65ad\u548cauto\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\u4e4b\u540e\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u505a\u7ed3\u6784\u5316\u7ed1\u5b9a\u4e86<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\/\/ Before
pair<int, float> p(1, 3.14);
int x = p.first;
float y = p.second;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\/\/ After
auto [x, y] = p; \/\/ must use auto
\/\/ x is int, x = 1;
\/\/ y is float, y = 3.14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\/\/ Before
set<int> s;
auto kv = s.insert(x);
auto it = kv.first; \/\/ iterator
bool success = kv.second; \/\/ inserted or not <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\/\/ After
set<int> s;
auto [it, success] = s.insert(x);<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u4e0b\u9762\u8fd8\u4f1a\u770b\u5230\u7ed3\u6784\u5316\u7ed1\u5b9a\u7684\u8eab\u5f71<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Java \u5bf9\u5e94\uff1anull
Python \u5bf9\u5e94\uff1aa, b = c, d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. Range based for loop C++11<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u597d\u7528\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u914d\u5408\u4e0aauto\u548cstructured binding\u7b80\u76f4\u4e86\u3002

for (int i = 0; i < v.size(); ++i) cout << v[i] << endl; \/\/ Before
for (int x : v) cout << x << endl; \/\/ After<\/p>\n\n\n\n

for (std::unordered_map<std::string, int>::const_iterator it = s.begin(); it != s.end(); ++it) \/\/ Before
for (auto it = s.begin(); it != s.end(); ++it) \/\/ w\/ auto
for (auto&& kv : s) cout << kv.first << “->” << kv.second << endl; \/\/ range based for loop
for (auto&& [k, v] : s) cout << k << “->” << v << endl; \/\/ w\/ structured binding<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Java \u5bf9\u5e94 for (int x : v)
Python \u5bf9\u5e94 for k, v in s.items()<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6. Lambda Expressions C++11<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528lambda\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u6765\u6355\u83b7\u5bf9\u8c61\u5e76\u521b\u5efaclosure\uff08\u95ed\u5305\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\u662f\u521b\u5efafunction\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u5b83\u770b\u505a\u5728\u51fd\u6570\u91cc\u9762\u5b9a\u4e49\u51fd\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

auto sum = [](int a, int b) { return a + b; };\nint s = sum(2, 3); \/\/ s = 5<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u6392\u5e8f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
bool comp(const Foo& a, const Foo& b) { return ... ; }\nvoid Bar() {\n  vector v = ...\n  sort(begin(v), end(v), comp); \/\/ Before\n  sort(begin(v), end(v), [](const auto& a, const auto& b) { return ... ; }); \/\/ After\n}<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
\u901a\u8fc7\u6355\u83b7\u975e\u72b6\u6001\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u51cf\u5c11\u9012\u5f52\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u53c2\u6570<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\/\/ Before\nint dfs(int cur, const vector& nums, vector& seen) {\n  ...\n  dfs(cur + 1, nums, seen);\n  ...\n}\n\nint solve(const vector& nums) {\n  vectot seen = ...\n  return dfs(0, nums, seen);\n}\n\n\/\/ After\nint solve(const vector& nums) {\n  vector seen = ...\n  \/\/ & captures nums, seen and dfs itself as reference\n  function> dfs = [&](int cur) {\n    ...\n    dfs(cur + 1);\n    ...\n  };\n  return dfs(0);\n}<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Java \u5bf9\u5e94\uff1a->
Python \u5bf9\u5e94\uff1alambda or nested functions<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u597d\u4e86\u4eca\u5929\u5148\u8bb2\u5230\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u7ed9\u5927\u5bb6\u4e00\u70b9\u65f6\u95f4\u6d88\u5316\u4e00\u4e0b\u3002\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728YouTube\/B\u7ad9\u4e0a\u770b\u89c6\u9891\u7248\u672c\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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