# Problem

Given a list of non-overlapping axis-aligned rectangles rects, write a function pick which randomly and uniformily picks an integer point in the space covered by the rectangles.

Note:

1. An integer point is a point that has integer coordinates.
2. A point on the perimeter of a rectangle is included in the space covered by the rectangles.
3. ith rectangle = rects[i] = [x1,y1,x2,y2], where [x1, y1] are the integer coordinates of the bottom-left corner, and [x2, y2] are the integer coordinates of the top-right corner.
4. length and width of each rectangle does not exceed 2000.
5. 1 <= rects.length <= 100
6. pick return a point as an array of integer coordinates [p_x, p_y]
7. pick is called at most 10000 times.

Example 1:

Input:
["Solution","pick","pick","pick"]
[[[[1,1,5,5]]],[],[],[]]
Output:
[null,[4,1],[4,1],[3,3]]


Example 2:

Input:
["Solution","pick","pick","pick","pick","pick"]
[[[[-2,-2,-1,-1],[1,0,3,0]]],[],[],[],[],[]]
Output:
[null,[-1,-2],[2,0],[-2,-1],[3,0],[-2,-2]]

Explanation of Input Syntax:

The input is two lists: the subroutines called and their arguments. Solution‘s constructor has one argument, the array of rectangles rectspick has no arguments. Arguments are always wrapped with a list, even if there aren’t any.

# Solution: Binary Search

Use area of the rectangles as weights.

Time complexity: Init: O(n) Pick: O(logn)

Space complexity: O(n)

# Problem

Given an array w of positive integers, where w[i] describes the weight of index i, write a function pickIndex which randomly picks an index in proportion to its weight.

Note:

1. 1 <= w.length <= 10000
2. 1 <= w[i] <= 10^5
3. pickIndex will be called at most 10000 times.

Example 1:

Input:
["Solution","pickIndex"]
[[[1]],[]]
Output: [null,0]


Example 2:

Input:
["Solution","pickIndex","pickIndex","pickIndex","pickIndex","pickIndex"]
[[[1,3]],[],[],[],[],[]]
Output: [null,0,1,1,1,0]

Explanation of Input Syntax:

The input is two lists: the subroutines called and their arguments. Solution‘s constructor has one argument, the array wpickIndex has no arguments. Arguments are always wrapped with a list, even if there aren’t any.

# Solution: Binary Search

1. Convert PDF to CDF
2. Uniformly sample a value s in [1, sum(weights)].
3. Use binary search to find first index such that PDF[index] >= s.

Time complexity: Init O(n), query O(logn)

Space complexity: O(n)

C++

# Problem:

https://leetcode.com/problems/random-pick-index/description/

Given an array of integers with possible duplicates, randomly output the index of a given target number. You can assume that the given target number must exist in the array.

Note:
The array size can be very large. Solution that uses too much extra space will not pass the judge.

# Solution: Reservoir sampling

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir_sampling

Time complexity: O(query * n)

Space complexity: O(1)

C++