# Posts tagged as “hard”

There is a row of m houses in a small city, each house must be painted with one of the n colors (labeled from 1 to n), some houses that has been painted last summer should not be painted again.

A neighborhood is a maximal group of continuous houses that are painted with the same color. (For example: houses = [1,2,2,3,3,2,1,1] contains 5 neighborhoods  [{1}, {2,2}, {3,3}, {2}, {1,1}]).

Given an array houses, an m * n matrix cost and an integer target where:

• houses[i]: is the color of the house i0 if the house is not painted yet.
• cost[i][j]: is the cost of paint the house i with the color j+1.

Return the minimum cost of painting all the remaining houses in such a way that there are exactly target neighborhoods, if not possible return -1.

Example 1:

Input: houses = [0,0,0,0,0], cost = [[1,10],[10,1],[10,1],[1,10],[5,1]], m = 5, n = 2, target = 3
Output: 9
Explanation: Paint houses of this way [1,2,2,1,1]
This array contains target = 3 neighborhoods, [{1}, {2,2}, {1,1}].
Cost of paint all houses (1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 5) = 9.


Example 2:

Input: houses = [0,2,1,2,0], cost = [[1,10],[10,1],[10,1],[1,10],[5,1]], m = 5, n = 2, target = 3
Output: 11
Explanation: Some houses are already painted, Paint the houses of this way [2,2,1,2,2]
This array contains target = 3 neighborhoods, [{2,2}, {1}, {2,2}].
Cost of paint the first and last house (10 + 1) = 11.


Example 3:

Input: houses = [0,0,0,0,0], cost = [[1,10],[10,1],[1,10],[10,1],[1,10]], m = 5, n = 2, target = 5
Output: 5


Example 4:

Input: houses = [3,1,2,3], cost = [[1,1,1],[1,1,1],[1,1,1],[1,1,1]], m = 4, n = 3, target = 3
Output: -1
Explanation: Houses are already painted with a total of 4 neighborhoods [{3},{1},{2},{3}] different of target = 3.


Constraints:

• m == houses.length == cost.length
• n == cost[i].length
• 1 <= m <= 100
• 1 <= n <= 20
• 1 <= target <= m
• 0 <= houses[i] <= n
• 1 <= cost[i][j] <= 10^4

## Solution: DP

dp[k][i][c] := min cost to form k neighbors with first i houses and i-th house is in color c.

dp[k][i][c] := min{dp[k-(c != cj)][j][cj] for cj in 1..n} + 0 if houses[i] == c else cost[i][c]

init: dp[0][0][*] = 0 otherwise inf
ans = min(dp[target][m])

Time complexity: O(T*M*N^2)
Space complexity: O(T*M*N) -> O(M*N)

## C++

Given 2n balls of k distinct colors. You will be given an integer array balls of size k where balls[i] is the number of balls of color i

All the balls will be shuffled uniformly at random, then we will distribute the first n balls to the first box and the remaining n balls to the other box (Please read the explanation of the second example carefully).

Please note that the two boxes are considered different. For example, if we have two balls of colors a and b, and two boxes [] and (), then the distribution [a] (b) is considered different than the distribution [b] (a) (Please read the explanation of the first example carefully).

We want to calculate the probability that the two boxes have the same number of distinct balls.

Example 1:

Input: balls = [1,1]
Output: 1.00000
Explanation: Only 2 ways to divide the balls equally:
- A ball of color 1 to box 1 and a ball of color 2 to box 2
- A ball of color 2 to box 1 and a ball of color 1 to box 2
In both ways, the number of distinct colors in each box is equal. The probability is 2/2 = 1


Example 2:

Input: balls = [2,1,1]
Output: 0.66667
Explanation: We have the set of balls [1, 1, 2, 3]
This set of balls will be shuffled randomly and we may have one of the 12 distinct shuffles with equale probability (i.e. 1/12):
[1,1 / 2,3], [1,1 / 3,2], [1,2 / 1,3], [1,2 / 3,1], [1,3 / 1,2], [1,3 / 2,1], [2,1 / 1,3], [2,1 / 3,1], [2,3 / 1,1], [3,1 / 1,2], [3,1 / 2,1], [3,2 / 1,1]
After that we add the first two balls to the first box and the second two balls to the second box.
We can see that 8 of these 12 possible random distributions have the same number of distinct colors of balls in each box.
Probability is 8/12 = 0.66667


Example 3:

Input: balls = [1,2,1,2]
Output: 0.60000
Explanation: The set of balls is [1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4]. It is hard to display all the 180 possible random shuffles of this set but it is easy to check that 108 of them will have the same number of distinct colors in each box.
Probability = 108 / 180 = 0.6


Example 4:

Input: balls = [3,2,1]
Output: 0.30000
Explanation: The set of balls is [1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3]. It is hard to display all the 60 possible random shuffles of this set but it is easy to check that 18 of them will have the same number of distinct colors in each box.
Probability = 18 / 60 = 0.3


Example 5:

Input: balls = [6,6,6,6,6,6]
Output: 0.90327


Constraints:

• 1 <= balls.length <= 8
• 1 <= balls[i] <= 6
• sum(balls) is even.
• Answers within 10^-5 of the actual value will be accepted as correct.

## Solution 0: Permutation (TLE)

Enumerate all permutations of the balls, count valid ones and divide that by the total.

Time complexity: O((8*6)!) = O(48!)
After deduplication: O(48!/(6!)^8) ~ 1.7e38
Space complexity: O(8*6)

## Solution 1: Combination

For each color, put n_i balls into box1, the left t_i – n_i balls go to box2.
permutations = fact(n//2) / PROD(fact(n_i)) * fact(n//2) * PROD(fact(t_i – n_i))
E.g
balls = [1×2, 2×6, 3×4]
One possible combination:
box1: 1 22 333
box2: 1 2222 3
permutations = 6! / (1! * 2! * 3!) * 6! / (1! * 4! * 1!) = 1800

Time complexity: O((t+1)^k) = O(7^8)
Space complexity: O(k + (t*k)) = O(8 + 48)

vector version

## C++

Given a rows x cols matrix grid representing a field of cherries. Each cell in grid represents the number of cherries that you can collect.

You have two robots that can collect cherries for you, Robot #1 is located at the top-left corner (0,0) , and Robot #2 is located at the top-right corner (0, cols-1) of the grid.

Return the maximum number of cherries collection using both robots  by following the rules below:

• From a cell (i,j), robots can move to cell (i+1, j-1) , (i+1, j) or (i+1, j+1).
• When any robot is passing through a cell, It picks it up all cherries, and the cell becomes an empty cell (0).
• When both robots stay on the same cell, only one of them takes the cherries.
• Both robots cannot move outside of the grid at any moment.
• Both robots should reach the bottom row in the grid.

Example 1:

Input: grid = [[3,1,1],[2,5,1],[1,5,5],[2,1,1]]
Output: 24
Explanation: Path of robot #1 and #2 are described in color green and blue respectively.
Cherries taken by Robot #1, (3 + 2 + 5 + 2) = 12.
Cherries taken by Robot #2, (1 + 5 + 5 + 1) = 12.
Total of cherries: 12 + 12 = 24.


Example 2:

Input: grid = [[1,0,0,0,0,0,1],[2,0,0,0,0,3,0],[2,0,9,0,0,0,0],[0,3,0,5,4,0,0],[1,0,2,3,0,0,6]]
Output: 28
Explanation: Path of robot #1 and #2 are described in color green and blue respectively.
Cherries taken by Robot #1, (1 + 9 + 5 + 2) = 17.
Cherries taken by Robot #2, (1 + 3 + 4 + 3) = 11.
Total of cherries: 17 + 11 = 28.


Example 3:

Input: grid = [[1,0,0,3],[0,0,0,3],[0,0,3,3],[9,0,3,3]]
Output: 22


Example 4:

Input: grid = [[1,1],[1,1]]
Output: 4


Constraints:

• rows == grid.length
• cols == grid[i].length
• 2 <= rows, cols <= 70
• 0 <= grid[i][j] <= 100

## Solution: DP

dp[y][x1][x2] := max cherry when ro1 at (x1, y) and ro2 at (x2, y)
dp[y][x1][x2] = max(dp[y+1][x1 + dx1][x2 + dx2]) -1 <= dx1, dx2 <= 1

Time complexity: O(c^2*r)
Space complexity: O(c^2*r)

Bottom-up

O(c^2) Space

## C++

You have a very large square wall and a circular dartboard placed on the wall. You have been challenged to throw darts into the board blindfolded. Darts thrown at the wall are represented as an array of points on a 2D plane.

Return the maximum number of points that are within or lie on any circular dartboard of radius r.

Example 1:

Input: points = [[-2,0],[2,0],[0,2],[0,-2]], r = 2
Output: 4
Explanation: Circle dartboard with center in (0,0) and radius = 2 contain all points.


Example 2:

Input: points = [[-3,0],[3,0],[2,6],[5,4],[0,9],[7,8]], r = 5
Output: 5
Explanation: Circle dartboard with center in (0,4) and radius = 5 contain all points except the point (7,8).


Example 3:

Input: points = [[-2,0],[2,0],[0,2],[0,-2]], r = 1
Output: 1


Example 4:

Input: points = [[1,2],[3,5],[1,-1],[2,3],[4,1],[1,3]], r = 2
Output: 4


Constraints:

• 1 <= points.length <= 100
• points[i].length == 2
• -10^4 <= points[i][0], points[i][1] <= 10^4
• 1 <= r <= 5000

## Solution 1: Angular Sweep

Time complexity: O(n^2*logn)
Space complexity: O(n^2)

## C++

Given a rectangular pizza represented as a rows x cols matrix containing the following characters: 'A' (an apple) and '.' (empty cell) and given the integer k. You have to cut the pizza into k pieces using k-1 cuts.

For each cut you choose the direction: vertical or horizontal, then you choose a cut position at the cell boundary and cut the pizza into two pieces. If you cut the pizza vertically, give the left part of the pizza to a person. If you cut the pizza horizontally, give the upper part of the pizza to a person. Give the last piece of pizza to the last person.

Return the number of ways of cutting the pizza such that each piece contains at least one apple. Since the answer can be a huge number, return this modulo 10^9 + 7.

Example 1:

Input: pizza = ["A..","AAA","..."], k = 3
Output: 3
Explanation: The figure above shows the three ways to cut the pizza. Note that pieces must contain at least one apple.


Example 2:

Input: pizza = ["A..","AA.","..."], k = 3
Output: 1


Example 3:

Input: pizza = ["A..","A..","..."], k = 1
Output: 1


Constraints:

• 1 <= rows, cols <= 50
• rows == pizza.length
• cols == pizza[i].length
• 1 <= k <= 10
• pizza consists of characters 'A' and '.' only.

## Solution: DP

dp(n, m, k) := # of ways to cut pizza[n:N][m:M] with k cuts.

dp(n, m, k) = sum(hasApples(n, m, N – 1, y) * dp(y + 1, n, k – 1) for y in range(n, M)) + sum(hasApples(n, m, x, M – 1) * dp(m, x + 1, k – 1) for x in range(n, M))

Time complexity: O(M*N*(M+N)*K) = O(N^3 * K)
Space complexity: O(M*N*K)

## C++

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